1/12/2023 0 Comments Macro mineralsThe ARC, AFRC, and NRC consider the absorption coefficient of certain minerals because urinary excretion of certain minerals is negligible. This, together with knowledge of the amount of each mineral that is absorbed and retained is important for meeting mineral requirements of cattle. The ARC, AFRC, and NRC consider mineral requirements based on mineral supplementation while disregarding mineral composition from feedstuffs. Thus, it is necessary to undertake studies using Nellore cattle to determine nutrient requirements for this breed, which is the most utilized cattle breed in Brazil. Moreover, the available systems for the determination of nutrient requirements were developed using breeds that are uncommon in Brazil, such as Angus and Hereford cattle. Additionally, requirements for certain minerals are not listed because the available research results are inadequate for accurate determination. The beef cattle National Research Council (NRC) suggested that at least 17 minerals are required by beef cattle however, the requirements of the majority of minerals are suggested in grams or milligrams per kilogram of dry matter intake ( DMI) without discrimination between body maintenance or growth status, and the absorption coefficient is not taken into account for trace elements and sulfur. Thus, information regarding the mineral requirements for body maintenance and growth are essential for beef cattle to reach their maximum productive potential. Minerals play a role in four types of functions in animals: structural, physiological, catalytic, and regulatory. This is the first study using Nellore cattle to estimate mineral requirements considering that Nellore cattle are the most common breed in Brazil and that Brazil is a major beef producer globally, this knowledge can help producers to improve animal performance by supplying the correct amount of minerals. The dietary requirements of macrominerals (g/kg DMI) were 5.12 for Ca, 2.38 for P, 0.96 for Mg, 2.40 for K, 0.79 for Na, and 1.47 for S. The net requirement for maintenance (μg/kg BW) and retention coefficients (%) were 163 and 85 for Cu, 2,097 and 53 for Fe, 32.3 and 24 for Mn, 3.72 and 48 for Se, 669 and 0.80 for Zn, 18.4 and 86 for Co, and 22.9 and 78 for Cr. The net requirements for maintenance and the true retention coefficient were estimated by using the regression between apparent retention and intake for each mineral. Overdoses can also be fatal for foals (Mendell,2006).Eighty-seven Nellore animals were utilized in this study to estimate net requirements for the maintenance and growth of beef cattle as well as the retention coefficients of 13 minerals: macrominerals (Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, and S) and trace elements (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, Co, and Cr). This poisoning can be life-threatening depending on the amount consumed. Clinical signs of acute selenium poisoning include gait abnormalities, garlic breath odor, labored breathing, and muscle tremors. Animals consuming more than 1 gram per day-or those that are inadvertently overdosed with selenium even once-can develop acute selenium poisoning, which will rapidly cause death (as in the 2009 deaths of several polo ponies due to a medication error ). As little as 50 mg per day total intake can result in mild signs of toxicity (loss of mane and tail hairs, horizontal hoof cracks). A horse with a supplemental selenium intake in excess of 5 mg per day might suffer from selenium toxicity if his forage and feed already provide adequate selenium the maximum tolerable level of selenium in a horse’s total diet is only 20 mg per day. Selenium toxicity in horses can cause appetite loss, hair loss, paralysis and eventual death. Excess of some minerals can cause weight loss and slower rates of gain in some animals, cattle that have an excess of sodium and chloride can have reduced milk production and weight loss. Sheep are susceptible to copper toxicity which can lead to death and symptoms of this can include lethargy, anemia, pale membranes, thirst and jaundice according to Bremner 1998. Excessive mineral intake can be toxic to some species and can even lead to death.
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